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  • How does palm oil refinery work?
  • The palm oil refinery process employs physical steam refining methods to remove palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), encompassing several key steps: degumming, bleaching, filtration, and deodorization, as visualized in Fig. 2 b . Degumming begins as CPO enters the neutralization section, where the oil is preheated using an economizer.
  • What is biomass & refinery waste generation in the palm oil sector?
  • Biomass and refinery waste generation in the palm oil sector. These biomass and refinery wastes have the potential to be converted into multiple value-added products and utilities (electricity and steam).
  • What is a typical palm oil sector?
  • A typical palm oil sector includes oil palm plantations, palm oil mills, and palm oil refineries. The sector generates a huge amount of biomass by-products, effluent, and refinery wastes. These are usually disposed of at landfills causing inefficient waste management and sustainability issues.
  • What is the path of palm oil plantation & refinery?
  • Pathway description. Plantation to palm oil mill and then to palm oil refinery. Source for palm-based biomass (EFB, PMF, PKS & POME) and other wastes (Sulphur & Spent clay) generation. Palm Oil Sector to CHP system. Electricity is used for internal consumption at mill and the remaining exported to grid.
  • Why is palm oil a renewable source?
  • Adoption of biomass and biogas combustion makes the palm oil industry a renewable source since CO 2 emissions created during production and waste combustion are part of the carbon cycle and are absorbed during the growth period and palm plantation .
  • Why is the palm oil industry struggling with energy management?
  • However, load fluctuations due to mill size and insufficient supply of biogas and photovoltaic are significant challenges in energy management for the palm oil industry. Adopting renewable energy solutions is hindered by process disturbances and climatic variability caused by weather, ambient temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation.