•                                        
  •                                        
  •                                        
  •                                        
                                               
                                               
                                               
                                               
  •                                        
  •                                        
  •                                        
  •                                        
                                               
                                               
                                               
                                               
  •                                        
  •                                        
  •                                        
  •                                        
                                               
                                               
                                               
                                               
  •                                        
  •                                        
  •                                        
  •                                        
                                               
                                               
                                               
                                               
  •                                        
  •                                        
  •                                        
  •                                        
  • How much plant mill oil effluent is produced per ton?
  • But due to high cost, these processes are not considered at industrial scale. Generally, 0.6–1 m 3 plant mill oil effluent is produced per ton of plant oil seeds processed. Worldwide, different plant mill oil effluents are produced based on the source and feedstocks of the oil such as, soya bean, rapeseed, palm, coconut and sunflower.
  • What are plant oil effluents?
  • The plant oil effluents consist of organic carbon with chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 40–70 g/L, oil concentration 15–25 g/L, total nitrogen 0.5–2.3 g/L, other nutrients and metal ions ( Alias and Tan, 2005; Islam et al., 2018 ).
  • What is plant mill oil effluent used for?
  • Due to high COD and nitrogen concentration, plant mill oil effluent can be also serve as a potential substrate to produce different value-added products (polyhydroxyalkanoates, microbial lipids and proteins). Talha Ahmad, ... Luo Zisheng, in Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2020
  • How to separate contaminants from mill oil effluent?
  • To separate contaminants from the mill oil effluents, several treatment technologies such as coagulation and flocculation and photolytic treatment methods have been used ( Zahrim, 2014 ). But due to high cost, these processes are not considered at industrial scale.
  • Can cottonseed oil mill effluent be used as biofertilizer?
  • However, use of cottonseed oil mill effluents (COME) as biofertilizer for 20 days increased the soil fertility but could not significantly enhance the growth and yield of spinach plant. Hence the fermentation time of 20 days might not be enough for detoxification of phytotoxic components that are in the range of agronomic safety level.
  • Does fermented cottonseed oil mill effluent boost soil fertility?
  • In a study, Okorie, Obalum, and Singh (2017), used fermented cottonseed oil mill effluents (COME) (fermented for 20 days) and applied on soil as biofertilizer. Although, this application boost soil fertility, however, the performance (yield and growth) of spinach plant was not increased.