•                                        
  •                                        
  •                                        
  •                                        
                                               
                                               
                                               
                                               
  •                                        
  •                                        
  •                                        
  •                                        
                                               
                                               
                                               
                                               
  •                                        
  •                                        
  •                                        
  •                                        
                                               
                                               
                                               
                                               
  •                                        
  •                                        
  •                                        
  •                                        
                                               
                                               
                                               
                                               
  •                                        
  •                                        
  •                                        
  •                                        
  • Can palm oil be used for biodiesel production?
  • Considering the importance of this topic, this paper focuses on the use of palm oil, its by-products, and mill effluent for biodiesel production. Palm oil is known as an excellent raw material because biodiesel has similar properties to the regular petro-diesel.
  • How is palm biodiesel produced?
  • Production of palm biodiesel consists of two significant steps; the first step is the extraction of oil and, after that, the processing of oil to produce biodiesel. These two steps are explained here in detail. Processors of palm oil of all scales proceed through the operating processes of the unit.
  • What percentage of palm oil is biodiesel?
  • The biodiesel yield is around 87 % of the crude palm oil processed. The percentage of yield for biodiesel production can be calculated based on a stoichiometric material balance. Glycerol is a by-product that can be used to produce soap or other materials.
  • Can palm oil satisfy future requirements?
  • Palm oil can satisfy future requirements because of its fast rate of production and high oil yield. Approximately 75–80% of the total cost of biodiesel production is encountered by feedstock cost. The usage of commodity oils for biodiesel production influences the cost of foodstuffs.
  • Which oil is used for biodiesel production?
  • Therefore, in European countries, edible oil like rapeseed is used for biodiesel production [37, 38]. Soybean is widely used in the USA as the source of biodiesel . Coastal countries like Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia have a surplus amount of coconut oil as well as palm oil, which can be used as a biodiesel feedstock .
  • What techniques are used to produce biodiesel from palm oil?
  • Pyrolysis, blending, micro-emulsion, transesterification, and hydro-esterification are some common techniques used to produce biodiesel from palm oil [45, 73, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114]. The benefits and limitations associated with these techniques are given in supplementary material Table S2.